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<title>Coding tree unit</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coding tree unit</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Coding tree unit</b> (<b>CTU</b>) is the basic processing unit of the <a href="High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">High Efficiency Video Coding</a> (HEVC) video standard and conceptually corresponds in structure to <a href="Macroblock" title="Macroblock">macroblock</a> units that were used in several previous video standards.<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CTU is also referred to as <b>largest coding unit</b> (<b>LCU</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-HEVCJuly2012MeetingNotes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCJuly2012MeetingNotes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A CTU can be between 16×16 pixels and 64×64 pixels in size with a larger size usually increasing coding efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first video standard that uses CTUs is HEVC/H.265 which became an <a href="ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> standard on April 13, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITURecommendations_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITURecommendations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITUAAPDetails_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITUAAPDetails-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITUAAPAnnouncement_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITUAAPAnnouncement-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Macroblock encoding methods have been used in digital video coding standards since <a href="H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a> which was first released in 1988. However, for <a href="Error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction">error correction</a> and <a href="Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a> the standard 16x16 macroblock size is not capable of getting the kind of bit reductions that <a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> and <a href="Coding_theory" title="Coding theory">coding theory</a> suggest are theoretically and practically possible.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2></div>

<p>HEVC replaces <a href="Macroblock" title="Macroblock">macroblocks</a>, which were used with previous video standards, with CTUs which can use larger block structures of up to 64×64 pixels and can better sub-partition the picture into variable sized structures.<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEGPressRelease_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEGPressRelease-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>HEVC initially divides the picture into CTUs which are then divided for each luma/chroma component into coding tree blocks (CTBs).<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEGPressRelease_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEGPressRelease-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A CTB can be 64×64, 32×32, or 16×16 with a larger pixel block size usually increasing the coding efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CTBs are then divided into one or more coding units (CUs), so that the CTU size is also the largest coding unit size.<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>The arrangement of CUs in a CTB is known as a <a href="Quadtree" title="Quadtree">quadtree</a> since a subdivision results in four smaller regions.<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>CUs are then divided into prediction units (PUs) of either intra-picture or inter-picture prediction type which can vary in size from 64×64 to 4×4.<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEGPressRelease_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEGPressRelease-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To limit worst-case memory bandwidth when applying motion compensation in the decoding process, prediction units coded using inter-picture prediction are restricted to a minimum size of 8×4 or 4×8 if they are predicted from a single reference (uni-prediction) or 8×8 if they are predicted from two references (bi-prediction).<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HEVCdraft10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCdraft10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>To code the prediction residual, a CU is divided into a quadtree of <a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a> transform units (TUs).<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apple_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TUs contain coefficients for spatial block transform and quantization.<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEGPressRelease_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEGPressRelease-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A TU can be 32×32, 16×16, 8×8, or 4×4 pixel block sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2></div>

<p>At the July 2012 HEVC meeting it was decided, based on proposal JCTVC-J0334, that HEVC level 5 and higher would be required to use CTB sizes of either 32×32 or 64×64.<sup id="cite_ref-HEVCJuly2012MeetingNotes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCJuly2012MeetingNotes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HEVCJuly2012J0334_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCJuly2012J0334-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was added to HEVC in the Draft International Standard as a level limit for the Log2MaxCtbSize variable.<sup id="cite_ref-HEVCdraft8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCdraft8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Log2MaxCtbSize was renamed CtbSizeY in the October 2012 HEVC draft and then renamed CtbLog2SizeY in the January 2013 HEVC draft.<sup id="cite_ref-HEVCdraft10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCdraft10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HEVCdraft9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVCdraft9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coding_efficiency">Coding efficiency</h2></div>

<p>The design of most video coding standards is primarily aimed at having the highest coding efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coding efficiency is the ability to encode video at the lowest possible bit rate while maintaining a certain level of video quality.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HEVC benefits from the use of larger CTB sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This has been shown in <a href="Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Peak signal-to-noise ratio">peak signal-to-noise ratio</a> (PSNR) tests with a HM-8.0 HEVC encoder where it was forced to use progressively smaller CTU sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For all test sequences when compared to a 64×64 CTU size it was shown that the HEVC bit rate increased by 2.2% when forced to use a 32×32 CTU size and increased by 11.0% when forced to use a 16×16 CTU size.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the Class A test sequences, where the resolution of the video was 2560×1600, when compared to a 64×64 CTU size it was shown that the HEVC bit rate increased by 5.7% when forced to use a 32×32 CTU size and increased by 28.2% when forced to use a 16×16 CTU size.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The tests showed that large CTU sizes become even more important for coding efficiency with higher resolution video.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tests also showed that it took 60% longer to decode HEVC video encoded at 16×16 CTU size than at 64×64 CTU size.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tests showed that large CTU sizes increase coding efficiency while also reducing decoding time.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tests were conducted with the Main profile of HEVC based on equal PSNR.<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<caption>Increase in video bit rate when smaller CTU sizes were used<sup id="cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

<th rowspan="2">Video test sequences

</th>

<th colspan="3">Maximum CTU size used in video encoding<br>in comparison to 64×64 CTUs

</th></tr>

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<th>64×64 CTUs

</th>

<th>32×32 CTUs

</th>

<th>16×16 CTUs

</th></tr>

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<th>Class A (2560×1600 pixels)

</th>

<td>0%

</td>

<td>5.7%

</td>

<td>28.2%

</td></tr>

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<th>Class B (1920×1080 pixels)

</th>

<td>0%

</td>

<td>3.7%

</td>

<td>18.4%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Class C (832×480 pixels)

</th>

<td>0%

</td>

<td>1.8%

</td>

<td>8.5%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Class D (416×240 pixels)

</th>

<td>0%

</td>

<td>0.8%

</td>

<td>4.2%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Overall

</th>

<td>0%

</td>

<td>2.2%

</td>

<td>11.0%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Encoding time

</th>

<td>100%

</td>

<td>82%

</td>

<td>58%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Decoding time

</th>

<td>100%

</td>

<td>111%

</td>

<td>160%

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">High Efficiency Video Coding</a> (HEVC) - Video standard that supports 8K UHDTV and resolutions up to 8192 × 4320</li>

<li><a href="H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> - The predecessor video standard of HEVC</li>

<li><a href="VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a> - A video codec with superblocks, which are similar to CTUs</li>

<li><a href="Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a> - The basic processing unit used in several previous video standards</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFG.J._SullivanJ.-R._OhmW.-J._HanT._Wiegand2012" class="citation news cs1">G.J. Sullivan; J.-R. Ohm; W.-J. Han; <a href="Thomas_Wiegand" title="Thomas Wiegand">T. Wiegand</a> (2012-05-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iphome.hhi.de/wiegand/assets/pdfs/2012_12_IEEE-HEVC-Overview.pdf">"Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology new ownership of coding:GilbertLeeGrimaldoJr.(c)(r)(tm)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CodingEfficiencyHEVCIEEE2012_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFG.J._SullivanHeiko_SchwarzThiow_Keng_TanThomas_Wiegand2012" class="citation news cs1">G.J. Sullivan; Heiko Schwarz; Thiow Keng Tan; <a href="Thomas_Wiegand" title="Thomas Wiegand">Thomas Wiegand</a> (2012-08-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iphome.hhi.de/wiegand/assets/pdfs/2012_12_IEEE-HEVC-Performance.pdf">"Comparison of the Coding Efficiency of Video Coding Standards – Including High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HEVCJuly2012MeetingNotes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HEVCJuly2012MeetingNotes_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEVCJuly2012MeetingNotes_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGary_SullivanJens-Rainer_Ohm2012" class="citation news cs1">Gary Sullivan; Jens-Rainer Ohm (2012-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=6466">"Meeting report of the 10th meeting of the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), Stockholm, SE, 11-20 July 2012"</a>. JCT-VC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OverviewHEVCIEEE2012_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFG.J._SullivanJ.-R._OhmW.-J._HanT._Wiegand2012" class="citation news cs1">G.J. Sullivan; J.-R. Ohm; W.-J. Han; T. Wiegand (2012-05-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iphome.hhi.de/wiegand/assets/pdfs/2012_12_IEEE-HEVC-Overview.pdf">"Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITURecommendations-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITURecommendations_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=11885">"ITU-T Home : Study groups : ITU-T Recommendations : ITU-T H.265 (04/2013)"</a>. ITU. 2013-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITUAAPDetails-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITUAAPDetails_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/aap/AAPRecDetails.aspx?AAPSeqNo=2741">"AAP Recommendation: H.265"</a>. ITU. 2013-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITUAAPAnnouncement-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HEVCAprilApproved2013ITUAAPAnnouncement_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/dms_pubaap/01/T0101000F09.htm">"AAP Announcement No. 09"</a>. ITU. 2013-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140129171425/http://x264dev.multimedia.cx/archives/317">"Diary of an x264 Developer » the problems with wavelets"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://x264dev.multimedia.cx/archives/317">the original</a> on 2014-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MPEGPressRelease-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPEGPressRelease_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEGPressRelease_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEGPressRelease_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEGPressRelease_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-h/HEVC.htm">"Description of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)"</a>. JCT-VC. 2011-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HEVCdraft10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HEVCdraft10_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEVCdraft10_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=7243">"High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) text specification draft 10 (for FDIS & Consent)"</a>. JCT-VC. 2013-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-apple-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apple_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonShah2017" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Gavin; Shah, Athar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2017/503i6plfvfi7o3222/503/503_introducing_heif_and_hevc.pdf">"Introducing HEIF and HEVC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HEVCJuly2012J0334-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HEVCJuly2012J0334_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWade_WanTim_Hellman2012" class="citation news cs1">Wade Wan; Tim Hellman (2012-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=6197">"Adding a Level Restriction on Coding Tree Block Size"</a>. JCT-VC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HEVCdraft8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HEVCdraft8_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=6465">"High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) text specification draft 8"</a>. JCT-VC. 2012-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-31</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HEVCdraft9-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HEVCdraft9_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=6803">"High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) text specification draft 9"</a>. JCT-VC. 2012-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iphome.hhi.de/wiegand/assets/pdfs/2012_12_IEEE-HEVC-Overview.pdf">HEVC overview</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iphome.hhi.de/wiegand/assets/pdfs/2012_12_IEEE-HEVC-Performance.pdf">HEVC coding efficiency</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.265">ITU-T Recommendation H.265 - High Efficiency Video Coding</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Data_compression_methods241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a><br>type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li>

<li><a href="Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li>

<li><a href="Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li>

<li><a href="Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Byte-pair_encoding" title="Byte-pair encoding">Byte-pair encoding</a></li>

<li><a href="LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a>

<li><a href="Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incremental_encoding" title="Incremental encoding">Incremental</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a>

<li><a href="Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman

<ul><li><a href="Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li>

<li>LZ77 + ANS

<ul><li><a href="LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li>

<li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS

<ul><li><a href="Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li>

<li>LZ77 + Huffman + context

<ul><li><a href="Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li>

<li>LZSS + Huffman

<li>LZ77 + Range

<li>LZHAM</li></ul></li>

<li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a><br>type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a>

<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li>Motion

<ul><li><a href="Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li>

<li><a href="Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li>

<li><a href="Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a><br>parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li>

<li><a href="Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li>

<li><a href="Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li>

<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li>

<li><a href="Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li>

<li><a href="Video#Characteristics_of_video_streams" title="Video">Video characteristics</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a><br>parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li>

<li>Motion

<ul><li><a href="Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li>

<li><a href="FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-12-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Coding_tree_unit&oldid=1261412421">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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